Geostatistics without Stationarity Assumptions within GIS

نویسندگان

  • Alexander Brenning
  • Gerald van den Boogaart
چکیده

The present work deals with two challenging problems of applied geostatistics: (i) Stationarity assumptions often do not hold under real-world conditions. (ii) Geostatistical methods have to be linked with spatial databases in order to be applicable in non-stationary situations. Solutions for both problems are proposed and implemented. (i) A central assumption in geostatistics is the stationarity of the process. However the spatial variability of many natural phenomena heavily depends on the local geology, which is non-stationary in most cases. To deal with this, the concept of process stationarity is replaced by a stationarity of the governing influence relating the local semivariogram and the local geology as stored in a Geographical Information System (GIS). A construction method is used, which can meaningfully incorporate additional spatial information from GIS, e.g. smoothly varying geology in the investigated area or geological faults interrupting continuity. Least-squares parameter estimation is used for fitting instationary semivariogram models in typical example situations, leading to non-linear optimization problems. (ii) Geostatistical tools that make use of the local geology need direct access to the data stored in the GIS. A link between the presented geostatistical tools and the GIS software ArcView was established. Thus, spatial data such as soil properties and morphology can be incorporated in geostatistical analyses. R code that fits instationary semivariogram models and performs kriging is provided. It is applied to simulated data. Resumen Este trabajo trata dos problemas desafiantes de la geoestad́ıstica aplicada: (i) Bajo condiciones reales, muchas veces no son válidas las suposiciones de estacionaridad. (ii) Los métodos geoestad́ısticos deben ser vinculados con bases de datos espaciales para ser aplicables en situaciones no estacionarias. Se proponen e implementan soluciones para ambos problemas. (i) En geoestad́ıstica, una suposición central es la estacionaridad del proceso. Sin embargo, la variabilidad espacial de muchos procesos depende estrechamente de la geoloǵıa local, la cual es inestacionaria en la mayoŕıa de los casos. Para tratar esto, el concepto de estacionaridad del proceso es reemplazado por una estacionaridad de una ley de influencia; ésta vincula el semivariograma con la geoloǵıa local tal como está guardada dentro de un Sistema de Información Geográfico. Se usa un método de construcción que permite incorporar información espacial de un SIG, por ejemplo una geoloǵıa que vaŕıa de manera cont́ınua dentro del área de estudio o fallas geológicas que interrumpen la continuidad. Se aplica una estimación de mı́nimos cuadrados para ajustar modelos paramétricos de semivariogramas inestacionarios en situaciones ejemplares t́ıpicas, resultando en problemas de optimización no lineales. (ii) Herramientas geoestad́ısticas que se apoyan en la geoloǵıa local precisan de un acceso directo a los datos guardados en el SIG. Se estableció un v́ınculo entre la herramienta geoestad́ıstica presentada y el SIG ArcView. De esta manera pueden incorporarse a los análisis geoestad́ısticos datos espaciales tales como propiedades del suelo y la morfoloǵıa. Se facilita un código de R que ajusta modelos de semivariogramas inestacionarios y realiza krigeado. El código es aplicado a datos simulados. ∗Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen–Nürnberg, Institut für Geographie, Kochstr. 4/4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, e-mail [email protected]. †TU Freiberg, Institut für Geologie, B.-v.-Cotta-Str. 2, 09596 Freiberg, Germany, e-mail [email protected].

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تاریخ انتشار 2001